Operation Pdf
For junior/senior undergraduate and first-year graduate courses in Operations Research in departments of Industrial Engineering, Business Administration, Statistics, Computer Science, and Mathematics.Significantly revised, this text streamlines the coverage of the theory, applications, and computations of operations research. Numerical examples are effectively used to explain complex mathematical concepts. A separate chapter of fully analyzed applications aptly demonstrates the diverse use of OR. The popular commercial and tutorial software AMPL, Excel, Excel Solver, and Tora are used throughout the book to solve practical problems and to test theoretical concepts. New materials include Markov chains, TSP heuristics, new LP models, and a totally new simplex-based approach to LP sensitivity analysis. Table of Content.
1. What Is Operations Research?. 2. Modeling with Linear Programming. 3. The Simplex Method and Sensitivity Analysis. 4.
Duality and Post-Optimal Analysis. 5. Transportation Model and Its Variants.
6. Network Models. 7. Advanced Linear Programming.
8. Goal Programming.
9. Integer Linear Programming. 10. Heuristic and Constraint Programming. 11.
Traveling Salesperson Problem (TSP). 12. Deterministic Dynamic Programming. 13.
Inventory Modeling (with Introduction to Supply Chains). 14. Review of Basic Probability.
15. Decision Analysis and Games. 16. Probabilistic Inventory Models.
17. Markov Chains. 18.
Queuing Systems. 19.
Simulation Modeling. 20.
Classical Optimization Theory. 21. Nonlinear Programming Algorithms. Appendix A: Statistical Tables. Appendix B: Partial Answers to Selected Problems.
Milling machine cutter and workpiece positionThis machine can hold one or more number of cutters at a time and rotates at high speed to remove the metal at a faster rate.The metal removal rate is faster as compared to a.This machine is used to make gears like Spur gears, and also drill the workpiece bore, and produce slots. Milling Machine PartsA milling machine consists of the following parts:. Base. Column. Knee.
Storage Tank Design And Operation Pdf
Saddle. Table. Overhanging Arm.
Spindle. Arbor. Arbor Supports. Milling Head. RamSo let discuss all of these parts in detail.
Base:It is the foundation part of a machine and all other parts are joined on it.It carries the entire load so it should have high compressive strength and it is made up of cast iron. Column:It is mounted vertically on the base. This is placed between the table and the knee, and work as an intermediate part between them.This can moves transversally to the column face.This slides over the guideways provided situated on the knee which is perpendicular to the column face.The main function is to provide motion in a horizontal direction to the workpiece.This is also made by cast iron. Table:This is a rectangular casting which is present on the top of the saddle.The table is situated over the knee.It is the part of a machine that holds the workpiece while machining.This is made by cast iron and has T-slot cut over it.
This provides vertical motion by moving the knee up and down.It provides horizontal motion by the feed screw.This provides a horizontal (transverse) motion by moving the saddle. Overhanging arm:The overarm is used to fastened arbor support.It may consist of one or two cylindrical bars that slide through the holes in the column.It is made by cast iron. Spindle:The spindle is the main part of the machine which holds the tool in the right place.This spindle provides the drive for arbors, cutters, and attachments used on a machine. Arbor:This is a mechanical part, which is used as an extension part of the spindle in a horizontal mill machine.It is fitted on the spindle whenever it’s required.This holds the tool and moves it in the correct direction.
Arbor Supports:There are generally two types of arbor supports used in the mill machine.The first one has a small diameter bearing hole, 1-inch in maximum diameter, and the other one has a large diameter bearing hole, usually up to 23/4 inches.The arbor support has an oil reservoir that lubricates the bearing surfaces.It can be clamped anywhere on the overarm.The arbor support is used only in the horizontal types of milling machines. Milling head:It is the upper section of a vertical mill machine.It consists of a spindle, driving motor and other controlling mechanisms. Ram:One end of the arm is attached to the column and other ends to the milling head.The ram can be moved transversally ( in and out) on the column by a hand lever. Milling Machine TypesThe types of milling machines are the following:.
Column and Knee Type Milling. Vertical Milling. Horizontal Milling. Universal milling.
Fixed Bed Milling. Simplex Milling. Duplex Milling.
Triple Milling. Planer Milling. CNC Milling.
Tracer MillingColumn and knee type milling machine:It is a very common machine type.In this machine, a vertical column is attached to the bed which consists of all gear drives which rotate the knee and saddle.A knee is situated on the base which provides vertical motion to the workpiece or which moves up and down. Tracer milling machine CNC milling machine:CNC is the most versatile milling machine which is control by a computer.It is an upgraded version of the bed type mill machine, in which the spindle can move in all three directions and the table can rotate 360 degrees.These all movement is hydraulically controlled which is commanded by a computer.In this, any difficult geometry can make on it.A sketch of the workpiece is loaded to the computer which is cut on the workpiece by the cutters automatically. CNC milling machine (Source: IndiaMart) Operations that can be performed in a Milling Machine:There are several types of operation that can be performed in a milling machine, and those are:. Plain Milling Operation. Face Milling Operation.
End Milling Operation. For Milling Operation. T-slot Milling Operation. Side Milling Operation. Gear Milling Operation. Straddle Milling Operation.
Grooves Milling Operation. Gang Milling OperationPlain Milling Operation:It is the operation on producing plain, flat, horizontal surface, parallel to the axis of rotation. Straddle milling Operation:It is the operation on producing the flat vertical surface on both sides of the workpiece by using two side milling cutter mounted on the same arbor.The distance between the two cutters is adjusted by using a spacing collar.This is commonly used to produce a hexagonal or square surface. Grooves milling Operation:It is the operation on producing the groove on the surface of the workpiece by using a saw-milling cutter or end milling cutter.The workpiece is fixed firmly on a milling machine and fixing the end milling cutter on an arbor, by adjusting the depth of cut, the work is fed against the cutter to cut the groove on the work surface. Gang milling Operation:It is the machining process in which two or more milling cutters are used together to perform different milling operations simultaneously.In gang milling, the cutters are mounted on the arbor. The advantages of the Milling machine:In the milling machine there are following advantages, those are:. Ideal for the production of individual pieces and small batches.
Capable of producing complex shapes with the use of multitooth, as well as a single point, cutting tools. Operation cost can be very modest given general-purpose equipment and cutters are used.Milling Machine Disadvantages:These are the following disadvantages of a milling machine:. It is more costly than casting, cold forming, extrusion, etc.